Forage fish conservation

(a) Findings Section 2(a) (16 U.S.C. 1801(a)) is amended by adding at the end the following: (17) Forage fish are generally small to intermediate-sized species, occurring in schools or dense aggregations, and function as a main pathway for energy to flow from phyto- and zooplankton to higher trophic level predators, including tuna, Alaska pollock, and other wildlife, in marine ecosystems. While most species function as prey of others at some life stage, especially when small and young, forage fish maintain this important trophic role throughout their life. Further, fluctuations in their populations can result in significant changes in marine communities and ecosystems. Therefore, particular attention to management of forage fish species, and addressing their unique role in marine ecosystems, is critical to maintaining ecosystem function and sustainable fisheries.. (b) Definitions (1) Secretary to define forage fish Section 305 (16 U.S.C. 1855) is amended by adding at the end the following: (n) Forage fish Not later than 12 months after the date of the enactment of the Sustaining America’s Fisheries for the Future Act of 2025, the Secretary, with advice from the Councils, shall issue a definition of the term forage fish for the purposes of this Act, giving due consideration to definitions of forage fish included in approved fishery management plans. In defining such term, the Secretary shall consider factors including whether a species covered by such definition, throughout the lifecycle of such species— (1) is at a low trophic level; (2) is generally small- to intermediate-sized; (3) occurs in schools or other dense aggregations; (4) contributes significantly to the diets of other fish, marine mammals, or birds; and (5) serves as a conduit for energy transfer to species at a higher trophic level.. (2) Definitions Section 3 (16 U.S.C. 1802) is amended— (A) by redesignating the second paragraph (33) as paragraph (53); (B) by redesignating paragraphs (28) through (50) as paragraphs (30) through (52), respectively; (C) by redesignating paragraphs (19) through (27) as paragraphs (20) through (28), respectively; (D) by inserting after paragraph (18) the following: (19) The term forage fish — (A) has the meaning given the term by the Secretary under section 305(n); and (B) with respect to a species in a fishery managed pursuant to a fishery management plan or plan amendment that is approved by the Secretary, in coordination with the Councils, under section 304(a), means any species identified in such plan as a forage fish.; and (E) by inserting after paragraph (28), as so redesignated by paragraph (3) of this section, the following: (29) The term low trophic level means a position in the marine food web in which the fish generally consume plankton.. (c) Scientific advice Section 302(g)(1)(B) (16 U.S.C. 1852(g)(1)(B)) is amended to read as follows: (B) Each scientific and statistical committee shall provide its Council ongoing scientific advice for fishery management decisions, including recommendations for— (i) acceptable biological catch; (ii) preventing overfishing; (iii) maximum sustainable yield; (iv) achieving rebuilding targets; (v) maintaining a sufficient abundance, diversity, and localized distribution of forage fish populations to support their role in marine ecosystems; and (vi) reports on stock status and health, bycatch, habitat status, social and economic impacts of management measures, and sustainability of fishing practices.. (d) Council functions (1) Research priorities Section 302(h)(7) (16 U.S.C. 1852(h)(7)) is amended, in the matter preceding subparagraph (A), by inserting forage fish populations and distribution, after habitats,. (2) Unmanaged forage fish Section 302(h) (16 U.S.C. 1852(h)) is amended— (A) in paragraph (11), as so redesignated by section 507 of this Act, by striking and at the end; (B) by redesignating paragraph (12), as so redesignated by section 507 of this Act, as paragraph (13); and (C) by inserting after paragraph (11) the following: (12) develop a list of unmanaged forage fish occurring in the area under its authority and recommend within fishery management plans the prohibition of the development of any new directed forage fish fishery until the Council has— (A) considered the best scientific information available and evaluated the potential impacts of forage fish harvest on existing fisheries, fishing communities, and the marine ecosystem; (B) determined whether conservation and management of the forage fish fishery is needed; (C) if a determination is made that conservation and management is needed, prepared and submitted to the Secretary a fishery management plan or amendment consistent with section 303; and (D) received final, approved regulations from the Secretary pursuant to section 304(b)(3); and. (3) Effective date The amendments made by paragraphs (1) and (2) shall take effect 2 years after the date of the enactment of this section. (e) Contents of fishery management plans (1) Forage fish management Section 303(a) (16 U.S.C. 1853(a)) is amended— (A) in paragraph (16), as added by section 102 of this Act, by striking and at the end; (B) in paragraph (17), as added by section 102 of this Act, by striking the period at the end and inserting; and; and (C) by adding at the end the following: (18) when setting annual catch limits for forage fish fisheries, assess and specify such limits by the diet needs of fish species and other marine wildlife, such as marine mammals and birds, for which forage fish is a significant part of their diet.. (2) Effective date The amendments made by paragraph (1) shall take effect 5 years after the date of the enactment of this section. (f) Action by Secretary Section 304 (16 U.S.C. 1854) is amended by adding at the end the following: (l) Forage fish management guidelines (1) In general Not later than 18 months after the date of the enactment of the Sustaining America’s Fisheries for the Future Act of 2025, the Secretary, in coordination with the Councils, shall establish by regulation guidelines to assist the Councils in implementing sections 3(19), 302(h)(9), and 303(a)(16). (2) Workshops In developing the guidelines under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall conduct workshops with Councils and other scientific, fisheries, and conservation interests.. (g) River herring and shad (1) Definitions In this subsection— (A) River herring The term river herring means blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) and alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus). (B) Shad The term shad means American shad (Alosa sapidissima) and hickory shad (Alosa mediocris). (2) Amendments of plans Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this subsection, the Secretary shall— (A) amend the fishery management plans for the Atlantic herring and Atlantic mackerel, squid, and butterfish fisheries for the New England and Mid-Atlantic regions to add shad and river herring as managed stocks in such plans consistent with section 302(h)(1) (16 U.S.C. 1852(h)(1)); (B) initiate additional fishery management plan amendments to be completed in not more than 1 year from the date of the addition of the species identified in paragraph (1) in order to develop and implement all required conservation and management measures for such stocks consistent with the Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries Conservation and Management Act (16 U.S.C. 1801 et seq.) and all other applicable law; and (C) notwithstanding any other law, rule, or fishery management plan provision, including conservation and management measures under section 303(a)(11) (16 U.S.C. 1853(a)(11)), reallocate existing resources to provide, for not less than 50 percent of all relevant fishing trips, not fewer than 1 at-sea observer or an onboard electronic or video means of producing equivalent at-sea monitoring information, for any vessel using mid-water trawl or paired mid-water trawl fishing gear in the Atlantic herring and Atlantic mackerel fisheries. (h) Rule of construction Nothing in this section may be construed as— (1) extending or diminishing the jurisdiction or authority of any State within its boundaries; or (2) affecting— (A) section 306 (16 U.S.C. 1856); or (B) the Atlantic Coastal Fisheries Cooperative Management Act (16 U.S.C. 5101 et seq.).