Penalties

(a) Violations not endangering national security Any United States university that violates section 3 shall be subject to a civil penalty of not more than $500,000 for each such violation, if the Secretary of State determines that the violation does not endanger the national security of the United States. (b) Violations endangering national security Any United States university that violates section 3 with respect to covered research, in general, or covered research related to critical energy or defense issues, which may affect the national security of the United States shall be subject to a civil penalty of not more than $5,000,000 for each such violation. (c) Seizure of funds In the case of any violation under subsection (a) or (b), any funds or other consideration received by the United States university in exchange for the intellectual property rights in the covered research shall be subject to seizure and forfeiture to the United States Government. (d) Enforcement The Attorney General, in consultation with the Secretary of State, shall enforce the penalties under this section.