Standards of pleading

In a civil action alleging a violation of sections 1 or 3(a) of the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. 1, 3(a)), including an action brought by the United States, a State attorney general, or the Federal Trade Commission under section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 45), a complaint need not allege facts tending to exclude the possibility of independent action and shall not be dismissed for failure to state a claim unless it appears beyond doubt that the claimant can prove no set of facts in support of their claim which would entitle them to relief.